Google Inc. (GOOG)

Between Feb. 9 and Feb. 23, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped more than 1,100 points. If it kept plunging at that rate, we'd hit zero before you knew it.

Of course, that won't happen. No matter how ugly the markets get, the pain we saw over these past few months can't continue for long.

But here's the bad news: Even though zero is out of the question, that doesn't mean stocks won't plummet from here. In fact, they could fall much, much further.

And history agrees.

What goes up ...
The history of long-term market downturns is pretty abysmal. When times are bad, markets don't just get drunk with fear -- they start downing vodka shots of terror

Nokia Markeet PricE

Welcome to Mobile Phones Pakistan
Pakistan's largest mobile phone prices list website offering latest mobile phone prices, rates, specifications and user reviews. Compare features and Price / rates of all Nokia, Sony Ericsson, Samsung, LG, Imate, O2, BlackBerry and China mobile Phones in Pakistan for Free. Buy mobile phones online or just send mobile phone gifts to Pakstan. Read out mobile user's comments/reviews, Post your own reviews and share your cellular experiences with the world.

Latest Mobile Phones:



Rs: 8900 LG-KP320 Rs: 30200 Samsung-M7500-Armani

Rs: 5900 Sony-Ericsson-K330 Rs: 21500 Sony-Ericsson-G700
Rs: 7400 Nokia-5000 Rs : 15500 Sony-Ericsson-F305
Rs: 3200 Nokia-1202 Rs: 10700 Nokia-3610-Fold

Rs: 32000 Nokia-5800-XpressMusic Rs: 14500 Sony-Ericsson-G502

Other Most Popular Mobiles:

Rs: 15750 Sony-Ericsson-W580i Rs: 15750 Sony-Ericsson-K660i
Rs: 15700 Nokia-7370 Rs: 15600 Nokia-3250
Rs: 15500 Sony-Ericsson-F305 Rs: 15400 Nokia-6270
Rs: 15200 Sony-Ericsson-C702i Rs: 15100 Sony-Ericsson-Z610i
Rs: 15000 Samsung-E900 Rs: 14900 Motorola-ROKR-E6
Rs: 14900 Nokia-3600-slide Rs: 14800 Nokia-6120
Rs: 14800 Nokia-6280 Rs: 14700 Samsung-U600
Rs: 14500 Sony-Ericsson-K770i Rs: 14500 Nokia-5320-XpressMusic
Rs: 14500 Sony-Ericsson-W302 Rs: 14500 Sony-Ericsson-G502
Rs: 14400 Nokia-N72 Rs: 14300 Nokia-5310
Rs: 14000 Nokia-6555 Rs: 13950 Samsung-L700
Rs: 13900 Samsung-M3510-Beat Rs: 13500 Nokia-6300
Rs: 13500 Sony-Ericsson-k790i Rs: 13500 Sony-Ericsson-Z710
Rs: 13400 Sony-Ericsson-S500i Rs: 13200 Sony-Ericsson-W710i
Rs: 13100 Nokia-E50 Rs: 12600 Nokia-6233
Rs: 12500 Nokia-E62 Rs: 12200 Nokia-6630
Rs: 12200 Sony-Ericsson-K550i Rs: 12200 Samsung-D820
Rs: 12100 Samsung-D600

Iraq Stock Exchange

The Iraq Stock Exchange (ISX) is delighted to inform shareholders that dematerialization will start on February-22,2009 for share records registration of the following five listed companies:
1. Ashur International Bank
2. Al-Mansour Bank
3. Al-Mansour Hotel
4. Commercial Bank Of Iraq
5. Ishtar Hotel

These companies have signed agreements with the Iraqi Depository Center (IDC). The companies will begin to transfer shareholder Data from their shareholder registry to the Depository system at the IDC. Other listed companies will be transferred in the near future.

ISX requests the shareholders of the five companies, mentioned above, to ask their brokerage companies to initiate the required steps of formal registration in IDC depository system on March-07.2009

The registration will require the following forms and credentials:
1. Completing an Investor Account application form.
2. The brokerage account opening Form.
3- If you are already a share holder in one, or more of the above five listed companies, you need to fill the Deposit shares form and attached the following documents:
a. Companies shares ownership certificate.
b. A copy of Iraqi Nationality certificate (for Iraqi shareholders).
c. A copy of passport (for non-Iraqi shareholders).
d. A copy of civil Identity card.

Money laundering

In the US law it is the practice of engaging in finance/financial transactions in order to conceal the identity, source, and/or destination of illegally gained money, and is a main operation of the underground economy.
In the UK law the definition is wider.

The act is defined as taking any action with property of any form which is either wholly or in part the proceeds of a crime that will disguise the fact that that property is the proceeds of a crime or obscure the beneficial ownership of said property.
In the past, the term "money laundering" was applied only to financial transactions related to organized crime. Today its definition is often expanded by government and international regulators such as the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to encompass any financial transaction which generates an asset or a value as the result of an illegal act, which may involve actions such as tax evasion or false accounting.
As a result, the illegal activity of money laundering is now recognized as potentially practiced by individuals, small and large businesses, corrupt officials, members of criminal organization organized crime such as drug dealers or the Mafia, and even corrupt states, through a complex business network of shell companies and trusts based in Offshore Financial Centre tax havens. "Smurfing" is an example of a money laundering technique.
The increasing complexity of financial crime and the increasing recognized value of so-called "financial intelligence information gathering intelligence" (FININT) in combating transnational crime and terrorism has led to an increased prominence of money laundering in political, economic, and legal debate

Dollar-Rupee volatility

The bad news is that Dollar-Rupee volatility has increased.

The good news is that our forecasts can put you ahead of the market and ahead of the competition.

Look at the chart on the left. Dollar-Rupee volatility has increased from 5 paise per day in 2004 to about 20 paise per day today. It is set to increase further, to 35-45 paise per day over the next 12 months.How do you protect your business from Forex volatility? Our Clients swear by our forecasts. They help keep you on the right side of the market.
We have an enviable track record (look at the chart on the right hand top) to back up our claim. Our services include long-term forecasts, daily updates as well as hedging advise to Indian corporates. We currently manage about $200 mln of Corporate Forex exposures

E-Markeeting

The Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing, one of which being lower costs for the distribution of information and media to a global audience. The interactive nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of providing instant response and eliciting responses, is a unique quality of the medium. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to have a broader scope because it refers to digital media such as the Internet, e-mail, and wireless media; however, Internet marketing also includes management of digital customer data and electronic customer relationship management (ECRM) systems.
Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sales. Internet marketing does not simply entail building or promoting a website, nor does it mean placing a banner ad on another website. Effective Internet marketing requires a comprehensive strategy that synergizes a given company's business model and sales goals with its website function and appearance, focusing on its target market through proper choice of advertising type, media, and design.
Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites, e-mail marketing, and Web 2.0 strategies. In 2008 The New York Times working with comScore published an initial estimate to quantify the user data collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in addition to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting data upward of 2,500 times on average per user per month

BOFTEC E-Commerce Center

Weihai Municipal Bureau of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation E-Commerce Center(Weihai Municipal BOFTEC E-Commerce Center) was established to promote the trade of the city of Weihai, in Shandong Province. Our city's history of trade dates back to the 1800's when Weihai served as a British Treaty Port. Today we have over 1.5 million people, modern transport and communication, and low tax, labor, utility and construction costs. We hope to transfer these benefits to you.
Natural resources and advanced infrastructure Our city has an abundance of natural resources that are sourced locally -- lowering costs for you. We've invested $600 million in infrastructure. Now the city has three sheltered Category-1 ports and three Category-3 ports, with six 10,000-ton and nine 5,000-ton shipping docks. An abundance of ports helps to avoid shipping delays.
A truly diverse selection of products If you choose to source in Weihai, we can open your business to a wide network of partners whose production totals $15 billion annually. Opportunities include machinery, shipbuilding, textiles, garments, fishing equipment, chemicals, hand tools, DIY products, toys, automobile parts, and arts and crafts. A major benefit of using our company is that we can provide quick and easy access to the supplier that best matches your needs -- with the help of our support staff that is fluent in English.

Precious Metals forex

American Eagle Coins in Gold, Silver & Platinum;
American 24-Karat Gold Buffalo Coins;
Canadian Maple Leaf Coins in Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium;
Foreign-Minted Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium Coins;
Commemorative Southern Hero Silver Proof Coins: Lee, Jackson, Forrest & Davis (new);
Commemorative Southern Hero Silver Rounds: Lee, Jackson, Forrest & Davis (new);
Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium Rounds & Bars;
90% Silver U.S. Minted Coins Sold in $1,000 Face Value Bags;
40% Silver U.S. Minted Coins Sold in $1,000 Face Value Bags;
Precious Metals Bullion in all forms

Digital Gold Currencies

Basically all digital currencies are in fact “online payment systems” allowing you to transfer instantaneously some value to an individual or a company located anywhere in the world. This transfer could be a simple gift or a payment for an object or a service that you want to get.Main advantages:
They are borderless. A transfer can be sent to anyone in the world.
Transfers are instantaneous, no waiting for checks to clear or credits to be made
Transactions fees are lower than credit cards and banks.
Payments are irrevocable. So no chargeback anymore. "Get paid, stay paid" unlike credit card payments. Who can use them? Simply people who use money:
e-commerce
Business-to-business payments
Point of service sales
Person-to-person payments
Payroll
Bill payments
Charitable donations What is the main difference between digital currencies?
The main difference between digital currencies is the way they are accounted. Some are simply accounted in a specific national currency and some others are accounted in weight of metal like gold or silver.
For example “E-bullion e-currency” and “Liberty Reserve USD” are accounted in USD. So if you have an “E-bullion e-currency” account with a balance amount of 500 then your account value is 500$USD. However if you have an e-gold or e-bullion gold account which is accounted in weight of metal then its balance amount is a number of units of metal not a number of a national currency. That is to say that if you have an e-gold account with a balance amount of 500 it means that you have 500 troy oz of gold. The equivalent current fiat (national currency) values are displayed for reference only, and will fluctuate with the current market price Although digital metal currencies are accounted by weight, their payment system allows a value transfer to be expressed in terms of different national currencies. For example, it is possible to:
Transfer 5 troy oz worth of e-gold
Transfer 4.3 grams worth of e-gold
Transfer US $300.00 worth of e-gold
Transfer CHF 985.88 worth of e-gold
This means that an American can pay an Australian or a Japanese can pay an Spanish the correct weight of gold for a good or service as easily as if the price had been quoted in his own national currency.

Traders can use their web-enabled Mobile Devices,

including

phones and Personal Digital Assistants to connect to

our proprietary wireless version of the DealStation™

to check rates & news, to monitor account status, and

to place orders. We are particularly proud to be pioneers

in this wireless evolution, which brings our clients even

closer to the market. MG Wireless Trading keeps traders

connected to the market 24 hours a day, seven days a week,

and from anywhere around the world. Here are some of the

benefits of MG Wireless Solutions:
wFlash(document.getElementById

("eFlashDiv"),'/images/swf/wireless',230,200,false)
View Rates and check account status
Place Orders
View charts (on PDA versions)
Read forex news To get started with Wireless trading please choose from the following links below. DealStation™ Mobile Phone Edition Wireless Trading TutorialDealStation™ PDA Edition

Nokia markeet trading

Nokia Price:

Nokia E90 = $200

Nokia 8600 Luna = $200

Nokia N95 8GB=$250

Nokia N73===$160

Nokia N75===$190

Nokia N80===$160

Nokia N90===$180

Nokia N91===$180

Nokia N92===$190

Nokia N93===$200

Nokia N93i===$220

Nokia N95===$200

Nokia 8800 sirocco ==$180 Minimum order MOQ - 20 pcs
Optional Information-

HS Code : 9923 Computer Related Services,

Nec- Payment : T/T- Delivery : 3 days- Minimum Order : 20- Packaging : Box

MetaTrader

All Forex traders know that the currency pairs move for the most

of the time within the certain trends and that trading with the trends

is one of the most correct way to gain profits. In MT4 trading platform

there is a built-in tool that can help you to spot the trend - the trendlines.

The trendlines allow you to capture the current trend and see whether

the currency pair is going in the trend’s main direction or is it going for a

correction or maybe it’s already broke off the trend and is going for some rally.

This free Forex video tutorial will show you how you can use the trendline tool

in MetaTrader 4 platform to your advantage

RAROC

While the highly technical measurement techniques and methodologies of Value at Risk have attracted huge interest, much less attention has been focused on how Value at Risk and the risk-adjusted performance measures such as RAROC or economic profit/EVA· can be effectively used to improve a bank¡¦s decision making processes. Academic books are typically concerned primarily with measurement techniques, and devote only a small section to describing the applications, usually without discussing the problems that changing organizational processes in banks may have on business units¡¦ behaviour. Practitioners¡¦ books are often based on a single experience, presenting the approach that has been pursued by a single bank, but often do not adequately evaluate that approach. In actual practice, the choice of how to use Value at Risk and risk-adjusted performance measures has no single optimal solution, but requires effective decision making that can identify the solution that is consistent with the bank¡¦s style of management and coordination mechanisms, and often with characteristics of individual business units as well. In this book, Francesco Saita of Bocconi University argues that even though risk measurement techniques have greatly improved in recent years for market, credit and now also operational risk, capital management and capital allocation decisions are far from becoming purely technical and mechanical. On one hand, decisions about capital management must consider handling different capital constraints (e.g. regulatory vs. economic capital ) and face remarkable difficulties in providing a measure of ¡§aggregated¡ ̈ Value at Risk (i.e. a measure that considers the overall value at risk of the bank after diversification across risk types). On the other hand, the aim of using capital more efficiently through capital allocation cannot be achieved only through a sort of centralized asset allocation process, but rather by designing a Value at Risk limit system and a risk-adjusted performance measurement system that are designed to provide the right incentives to individual business units. This connection between sophisticated and cutting edge risk measurement techniques and practical bank decision making about capital management and capital allocation make this book unique and provide readers with a depth of academic and theoretical expertise combined with practical and real-world understanding of bank structure, organizational constraints, and decisionmaking processes.

Japanese Inflation Rates

Japanese Inflation Rates Fall In-Line with Expectations in December02/26/09 07:05 pm (EST)(CEP News) - As expected, falling fuel prices took their toll on price pressures in Japan, sending inflation rates lower in January.According to national statistics the annual inflation rate fell to 0.0% from +0.4% in January, in-line with expectations.
Meanwhile, CPI excluding fresh food fell from +0.2% to 0.0%, against expectations for a fall to -0.1%. CPI excluding fresh food and energy came in at -0.2%, in-line with expectations and against a flat reading in December.
The report had more timely information available for Tokyo. Headline inflation for February in Tokyo grew by 0.5% year-over-year, in-line with January's 0.5% gain and against expectations for a 0.3% increase.
CPI excluding fresh food was up 0.6%, against expectations for a 0.3% gain and below the previous month's 0.5% gain. Tokyo CPI excluding fresh foods and energy declined 0.1%, against expectations for a 0.3% drop and January's -0.3% figure.

DESKTOP TRADING SYSYTEM

There are various things you can do to improve performance. Most of them have very little effect unless you increase the processor(CPU) speed. If you increase the clock speed of a specific CPU by 20% then the performance of that computer will increase by 20%. Within the same processor family (AMD Athlon, Intel Pentium 4, Intel Core2, etc.) the speed of the processor will tell you its performance relative to other processors in that family. Now look at our competition and check their Intel Core2 CPU speeds and compare them to ours. We have the fastest line of computers available today. You can see it for yourself. We are an Intel Premier Partner and all our computers come with a full Intel warranty on the processor.
How much power should you buy?
You will replace your computer because it is either too slow or it is broken and not worth fixing. Buying a better computer, such as an F-19 vs. an F-11, will get you a longer service life because the faster speeds of the CPU and the better components will combine to delay its day of replacement.
If you use tick charts and you have indicators applied to the tick charts, then you need to look at getting the fastest computer you can afford. Tick charts with indicators will drive up CPU usage to high levels when the market is experiencing a heavy volume of trading.
If your charts are all time based (minute, hourly, daily, weekly) and you use standard indicators then an F-11 or F-18 will work fine. If you use custom indicators then you will probably need to move up to a faster model.
Dual core or Quad core?
Trading software will not use more than 2 CPU cores; so a quad core will not run your charts faster. It is better to have two fast cores rather than four slower cores in most cases. Buying an F-19 (3.41GHz) dual core saves you more than $200 over an F-11 with a quad core (3GHz) and the faster CPU speeds will do a much better job of keeping up with high volume days.
The F-38X is a specialty model with 8 CPU cores for special situations.

China Direct Exports Inc

Model No.:
K14-00031
Product Specifications:
Secondhand Dell Laptop: D610
Size: 30x26x3 cm
Screen: 14.1"
Speed of processoer: 1.6GHZ.
Ram:1G. DDR2
HDD:40G.
Item Weight: 2kg .
Carton Size: 33x30x5 cm G.W.: 2.3kg N.W.: 2kg
Packing Way: 1 pc/ctn, 2000 ctns/ 20 .
wordwrapByElementId('productSpec');
Brand Name:
Dell
Product Size:
14.1 inch
FOB Price:
U.S. Dollar 315.92
FOB Port:
Shanghai

Forex active trader

Minimum: $25,000 deposit OR trade more than 10M per month in notional volume
Why Trade With a Limited View of the Market?Active Trader provides a three-dimensional market view: Price, Available Liquidity, and Market Depth. Active Trader gives you the same type of view as a market maker.
5 Levels of Market Depth
View Available Liquidity at Each Price Level
1-Click Market Orders with the option to pre-set stops/limits
Ideal for scalping and short-term trading
1-Click Entry Orders
FXCM's Active Trader is an agency/external execution platform, with commissions determined by trading volume.**Please note FXCM Micro in its discretion may or may not offset individual transactions unlike transactions in most FXCM standard and mini accounts. For additional information click here.

Forex Account

Designed for experienced traders that have $2,000 to $25,000 to

begin trading.
Recommended that you open an FXCM Standard account with $

10,000 or more. Since leverage magnifies both gains & losses, a

larger account size will enable you to use less leverage. We believe

that most traders benefit from using between 4:1 and 20:1 leverage.
Highly trained professional staff, many of whom are active traders.

Traders have access to client support 24 hours a day by phone, e-mail,

or live chat. This is only available to FXCM Standard accounts

FOREX Pro

Premium Trading Tools
Third Party Research from Trading Central - You will have access to our entire suite of this professional-grade technical research. Use it to find directional trades faster, optimize timing, and layer on technical indicators and Japanese Candlestick data. You can even drill down to find exact trade entry and exit points.
ForexCharts eSignal - Use this highly customizable charting package to enhance your technical trading. Specialized Service
Dedicated Market Strategist - You'll have unlimited access to a Market Strategist who will keep you informed of new resources and emerging opportunities, help you target areas for improvement in your trading plan - even build custom trade set-ups to suit your goals.

Half-day Intensive Training - Strategies in Forex Trading is a complimentary five hour advanced training workshop designed to teach traders how to best use technical analysis to identify trading opportunities.
Preferential Service - Receive priority service with a dedicated telephone number to our trading desk, free outgoing wire transfers and invitations to exclusive events, such as live webcasts with forex market professionals.
High-Yield Interest Accounts -

Earn a high-yield interest rate on available margin balances up to $50,000.
Of course, you will also receive all the benefits of FOREXPremier and have access to all client-only webinars and our complete suite of proprietary research all accessible directly from within our trading platforms.
You'll automatically qualify for FOREXPro when you
open an account with $10,000 or more

FOREX Premier

Tight Spreads
Spreads as low as 1-2 pips - Our tight dealing spreads are backed by our commitment to deliver the best possible execution on each and every trade. Education and Training
Learn to Trade Forex II - Instructor-led Course - Learn forex essentials plus trading strategies, basic and advanced charting techniques and more in this comprehensive web-based course. Reinforce your learning with weekly instructor-led webinars and direct email access to your forex instructor. 60 Minute Trading Consultation - Fine-tune your trading strategy with the help of your Market Strategist. Your personal forex coach can help you vet potential trades more intelligently and even provide custom trade set-ups to suit your goals. Half-day Intensive Training - Strategies in Forex Trading is a complimentary five hour advanced training workshop designed to teach traders how to best use technical analysis to identify trading opportunities. Premium Trading Tools
Third Party Research from Trading Central - Trade using this professional-grade research suite. Start with Technical Analysis - including bullish and bearish indicators and specific trade entry and exit points for all our currency pairs. Then fine-tune your analysis to your preferred Indicators.
ForexCharts by eSignal - Use this award winning charting package to help you execute your trading strategies. Of course, you will enjoy all the services of ForexPlus including access to exclusive client-only webinars and our complete suite of proprietary research all accessible directly from within our trading platforms.

FOREX Plus

Take advantage of our exclusive training programs and live webinar events to become familiar with the Forex market.Tight Spreads
Spreads as low as 1-2 pips - Our tight dealing spreads are

backed by our commitment to deliver the best possible execution on each and every trade. View Pricing Education and Training
Learn to Trade Forex I - Online Course -

Our forex training course lets you learn at your own pace. Seven web-based lessons teach you what you need to know to get started. Premium Trading Tools
Third Party Research from Trading Central -

Find trades faster using this professional-grade research. You will have access to technical analysis that includes specific entry and exit points for all our currency pairs.
ForexCharts by eSignal - Use this award winning charting package to help you execute your trading strategies.

Forex trading issu

Online Forex trading gives you direct access to
the largest market in the world from the comfort
of your home. Whether you are an experienced
trader looking for diversification, or a novice trying to understand financial markets, a CMS practice account offers you a risk free way to explore currency trading.**

The Forex market gauges the strengths and weaknesses of countries’ economies, making it well-suited for fundamental traders. With only a dozen major currency pairs to study, anyone who follows the news can start trading based on familiar statistics like interest rates and employment data. Please note, however, that Forex trading involves a substantial risk of loss.

The market is also great for the short term investor and day trader, thanks to its daily fluctuations, the ease of taking short positions, and the industry’s unique leverage options (up to 400:1).

euro

he euro (currency sign: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 16 out of 27 member states of the European Union (EU). The states, known collectively as the Eurozone are: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain. The currency is also used in a further five European countries, with and without formal agreements and is consequently used daily by some 327 million Europeans.[2]

As of November 2008[update], with more than €751 billion in circulation[3] (the equivalent of about US$ 953 billion[4]), the euro is the currency with the highest combined value of cash in circulation in the world, having surpassed the U.S. dollar.[5] Based on IMF estimates of 2008 GDP and purchasing power parity among the various currencies, the Eurozone is the second largest economy in the world.[6]

The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995.[7] The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, replacing the former European Currency Unit (ECU) at a ratio of 1:1. Physical coins and banknotes entered circulation on 1 January 200

sri lankan ruppe

The British pound became Ceylon's official money of account in 1825, replacing the Ceylonese rixdollar at a rate of 1 pound = 13⅓ rixdollars, and British silver coin was made legal tender. Treasury notes denominated in pounds were issued in 1827, replacing the earlier rixdollar notes. Rixdollar notes not presented for exchange were demonetized in June 1831.
The Indian rupee was made Ceylon's standard coin 26 September 1836, and Ceylon reverted to the Indian currency area. Pound-denominated treasury notes continued to circulate after 1836, along with the rupee. The legal currency remained British silver and accounts were kept in pounds, shillings and pence. However, payments were made in rupees and annas at the "fictitious par" (fixed accounting rate) of 2 shillings per rupee (i.e., 1 pound = 10 rupees).
The Bank of Ceylon was the first private bank to issue banknotes on the island (1844) and Treasury notes were withdrawn in 1856.
The Indian rupee was formally established as the unlimited legal tender 18 June 1869. The rupee was decimalized 23 August 1871. Thus, the rupee of 100 cents became Ceylon's money of account and sole legal tender effective 1 January 1872, replacing British currency at a rate of 1 rupee = 2 shillings 3 pence.

Pakistan Rupee

“The Pakistan rupee traded 1:1 with the Indian rupee at the time of Independence. As noted, Pakistan chose not to devalue with sterling and the Indian rupee in 1949, which led to the end of the common market which existed with India. Almost six years later, on July 31 1955, Pakistan with IMF approval devalued to Rs.4.76 to the United States dollar, again establishing the same par-value as India.
Pakistan did not respond to the 1966 Indian devaluation although the Pakistan economy had suffered similar shocks, especially the 1965 war with India and natural disasters and civil conflict in East Pakistan. On July 22 1970, a fluctuating tourist rate was introduced, effecting a partial devaluation. Demonetization of bank-notes in June 1971 and the civil conflict leading up to the December 1971 Bangladesh war led to considerable capital flight via the well-developed parallel market where the Pakistan rupee reportedly touched Rs. 25 to the United States dollar.Following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods mechanism as of August 1971, the official Pakistan rupee began to appreciate because of its peg to sterling. In September, Pakistan like India changed its peg from sterling to the dollar, thereby depreciating with the dollar. But Pakistan stayed at the same rate that had trade regime.In May 1972, Pakistan implemented a major exchange reform, unifying existing multiple exchange-rates and declaring a new par

The influence on Pakistan’s exchange-rate policies of India may be separated into different factors. Pakistan’s initial decision in 1949 not to follow the devaluation of sterling and the Indian rupee was seen by Bangladesh. or a response to the fact that India actively began to depreciate at the end of 1981 is hard to tell. In any case, the Pakistan rupee and Indian rupee both depreciated almost in tandem during most of the 1980s The extent of similarity was tested when the Indian rupee moved in the range of -1 to 1 percent, 1-2 percent on either side, and more than 2 percent competitive rate with respect to the Indian rupee — e.g. at 1.32 per Indian in 1986, 1.34 in 1987, 1.30 in 1988, 1.27 in 1989 and 1.24 in 1990. This indicates a distinct change from the 1949 situation when resisting devaluation was seen as a statement of national sovereignty.The large Indian devaluations of 1991 left the Pakistan rupee at 1.06 per Indian, and in 1992 at 0.97. The major changes which have taken place in the Indian exchange-rate regime in 1992 and 1993 have been followed closely by the Pakistan authorities and public.”

Japanese yen

The yen (円 ,en?) (sign: ¥; code : JPY) is the currency of Japan.

It is the third most-traded currency in the foregion

exchaange markeet after the euro and the United States

dollar.[citation neded] It is also widely used as a reserve currency

after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling.

As is common when counting in East Asia, large quantities

of yen are often counted in multiples of 10,000 (man, 万) in

the same way as values in Western countries are often

quoted in thousands

Currency of Italy

The currency in Italy is the euro (EUR).
Euro banknotes and coins were circulated on the 1st of January 2002.

Twelve European Union countries use the euro as currency.

They are Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,

the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland.
Euro banknote denominations are 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500. Coin

denominations are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cent and 1 and 2 euro.
Prior to Italy becoming a member of the European Union and

converting to the euro, the currency was the lira.

Dollar May Extend

The dollar may rise against the euro and pound for a second day as an unexpected reduction last month in U.S. sales of previously owned homes increased the haven appeal of the world’s reserve currency.
The yen slid yesterday to a three-month low against the dollar as Japan’s trade deficit widened last month, making the currency less attractive as a refuge from the financial crisis. The Polish zloty dropped against the euro after the central bank cut its main interest rate as the economy headed for its worst recession in almost a decade.
“The increase in risk aversion has sent the dollar higher,” said Omer Esiner, a senior analyst in Washington at Ruesch International Inc., a currency trading company. “The dollar’s downside is going to remain underpinned by mounting concerns about the global economic outlook and continued worries about the financial system in general.”
The dollar traded at $1.2729 per euro at 7:16 a.m. in Tokyo, after appreciating 1 percent yesterday. The U.S. currency was at $1.4219 against the pound following a 2 percent gain. The yen was at 97.44 per dollar after declining 0.8 percent and touching 97.78, the weakest since Nov. 17. The yen traded at 124.05 per euro after reaching 125.15, the weakest since Jan. 9.
The ICE’s Dollar Index, which tracks the U.S. currency versus the euro, yen, pound, Canadian dollar, krona and Swiss franc, increased 1.2 percent to 87.906 yesterday. It touched 88.254 on Feb. 18, the highest level since Nov. 21, when it reached a 2 1/2-year high.
U.S. Housing Drop
Purchases of existing homes in the U.S. fell 5.3 percent in January to an annual rate of 4.49 million, the lowest level since 1997, even as falling prices made them more affordable, the National Association of Realtors said yesterday. The median forecast of 70 economists surveyed by Bloomberg News was for a 1.1 percent increase.
The dollar also gained versus the euro and rose 1.2 percent to 8.9209 Swedish kronor yesterday after Ukraine’s credit rating was cut by two levels by Standard & Poor’s a day after Latvia’s debt was downgraded to junk. Banks from Austria, Italy, France, Belgium, Germany and Sweden account for 84 percent of bank loans in central and eastern Europe.

Chinese money

Chinese money is called Renminbi (RMB) means "The People's Currency".

The popular unit of RMB is yuan"
1 yuan equals 10 jiao, 1 jiao equals 10 fen.

There are parts of China where the yuan is also known as Kuai and

Jiao is known as mao. Chinese currency is issued in the following denominations:

one, two, five, ten, twenty, fifty and one hundred yuan; one, two and five jiao; and one, two and five fen.
The official exchange rate between U.S. dollar

and Renminbi yuan currently is about 1:6.8 (1 US dollar = 6.8 yuan RMB)
For current exchange rate, please click money convertor for detailed information

Futures on EUR/USD

On February 5, 2009 RTS will launch futures on EUR/USD and EUR/RUR exchange rate on FORTS, its derivatives section.
As per the specifications the new contracts will be quoted based on the currency rates established by the European Central Bank. The basic size of the initial margin on the new instruments is set at 4% of the contract price.
These products targeted for both professional market participants and individual investors will be equally effective for speculative, hedging and arbitrage purposes.
The minimum initial margin requirement will facilitate the maximum gains on the intraday transactions.
Futures contract on the EUR/USD exchange rate, one of the most liquid instruments of the global financial market, will allow investors to hedge against their currency risks on the turbulent international markets. "With the help of currency and money products offered on FORTS investors can optimize their defensive strategy", - says Roman Goryunov, RTS CEO.
FORTS, based on the state-of-the-art exchange technologies and a most reliable risk management system, guarantees the fulfillment of obligations towards each market participant on the trades made in the trading system.
Specifications of the new contracts are available
FORTS, the derivatives market of RTS, is a leading trading venue for futures and options in Russia. Trading on FORTS started in September 2001. At present FORTS has the widest range of instruments in Russia. These are46 contracts (29 futures and 17 options) on shares of Russian companies, bonds, short term interest rates, currency, RTS Index, oil, silver, gas, oil, sugar and gold

stock

The foreign exchange market is one of the most popular markets for speculation, due to its enormous size, liquidity and tendency for currencies to move in strong trends. Presumably, these characteristics would enable traders to have tremendous success. However, success has been limited mainly for the reasons described below. Many traders come with false expectations of the profit potential and lack the discipline required for trading. Short-term trading is not an amateur's game and is usually not the path for quick riches. Though currencies may seem exotic or less familiar than traditional markets (i.e. equities, futures, etc.), the rules of finance and simple logic are not suspended. One cannot hope to make extraordinary gains without taking extraordinary risks. A trading strategy that involves taking a high degree of risk means suffering inconsistent trading performance and often suffering large losses. Trading currencies is not easy (if it was, everyone would already be a millionaire), and many traders with years of experience still incur periodic losses. One must realize that trading takes time to master and there are absolutely no short cuts to this process. The most enticing aspect of trading currencies is the high degree of leverage used. Leverage seems very attractive to those who are expecting to turn small amounts of money into large amounts in a short period of time. However, leverage is a double-edged sword. Just because one lot ($100,000) of currency only requires $1,000 as a minimum margin deposit, it does not mean that a trader with $10,000 in his account should easily be able to trade 10 lots or even 5 lots. One lot is $100,000 and should be treated as a $100,000 investment and not the $1,000 put up as margin. Most traders analyze the charts correctly and place sensible trades, yet they tend to over leverage themselves (take a position that is too big for their portfolio), and as a consequence, often end up forced to exit a position at the wrong time.

United States dollar

The history of the dollar in North America pre-dates US independence. Even before the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress had authorized the issuance of dollar denominated coins and currency, since the term 'dollar' was in common usage referring to Spanish colonial 8 real coins or "Spanish Milled Dollars". Though several monetary systems were proposed for the early republic, the dollar was approved by Congress in a largely symbolic resolution on 8 August 1786. After passage of the Constitution was secured, the government turned its attention to monetary issues again in the early 1790s under the leadership of Alexander Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury at the time. Congress acted on Hamilton's recommendations in the Coinage Act of 1792, which established the Dollar as the basic unit of account for the United States. The word "dollar" is derived from Low Saxon "daler", an abbreviation of "Joachimsdaler" – (coin) from Joachimsthal (St. Joachim's Valley, now Jáchymov, Bohemia, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of the Czech Republic; for further history of the name, see dollar.) – so called because it was minted from 1519 onwards using silver extracted from a mine which had opened in 1516 near Joachimstal, a town in the Ore Mountains of northwestern Bohemia. The term "dollar" was widely used in reference to a Spanish coin at the time it was adopted by the United States.
Until 1874 the value of the United States dollar was tied to and backed by silver, gold, or both. From 1792 to 1873, the U.S. dollar was freely backed by both gold and silver at a ratio of 15:1 under a system known as bimetallism. In this system, the dollar could be exchanged for 371.25 grains (24.06 g) of silver or 24.75 grains (1.60 g) of gold.

Forex Market

The off-exchange retail foreign currency market ("forex") describes the purchase of a particular currency from an individual or institution and the simultaneous sale of another currency at the equivalent value or current exchange rate. Essentially, the process of exchanging one currency for another is a trade based on the current rates of the two currencies involved.

“Technical analysis” is an industry term that more often than not sounds much more complicated than the actual process is. Really, it ought to be referred to as “price analysis”, as this would be a more accurate description. Through the use of charted data traders around the world analyze their market of choice. The objective: attempt to determine future price movement. The means: understanding price movement patterns of the past.

Fundamental analysis is the study of the core underlying elements that influence the economy of a particular currency. This method of study attempts to predict price action and market trends by analyzing economic indicators, government policy and societal factors. Imagine financial markets as a large clock, the gears inside this clock that move the hands, or drive the clock would be these "fundamentals".